Hermann Joseph Muller was born in New York City on December 21, 1890. His grandparents on his father's side were of artisan and professional background and, though at first Catholics, had emigrated from the Rhineland during the wave of reaction of 1848 to seek the greater freedom of America.
He first discovered that genetic mutations can be induced through the use of X-rays, and he demonstrated that mutations are the result of breakages in chromosomes and of changes in individual genes. The Nobel Prize he got in 1946 for this discovery increased his opportunities to publicize the dangers posed by accumulating spontaneous mutations in the human gene as a result of industrial processes and radiation. He also promoted an idea of sperm banks of gifted men in order to preserve the quality of man’s life for the future.
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